The First Cankam Era -Pandya kings -TAMIL KINGLISTS

Ancient copperplates, stone inscriptions,  coins and encyclopedias like Abhitha Chinthamani give lists of about,
*223 Cankam (ancient) and Kandikai (medieval) Pandyan kings' names
*7 Pirkaalappandiyar (later Pandyas) kings
*11 Maavali Marutha-Vaanar

*188 Cankam Chola kings
*26 Medieval and Imperial Chola dynasties --including
-3+ Pugazhina Cholas
-18 Iranhmayil Cholas
-4 Vengi Cholas
-4 Cenkannmar Konerinmay Cholas
*8 Vaanara Chozharaayas

First Cankam Era -Pandyan kings:

• Kaai cina vazhuthi 9800 B.C.E.  -from THENMARUTHAM
• Nedumeen Thizhigan
• Vael'meen Kaavan
• Koonpandyan

..

Third Cankam Era - kings

      Chola kings of this era:
(assimilated; part from those chronicled in Cankam works and other sources; part legendary from the two north Indian Hindu  epics)

1. Maarko vael Maandhuvan Aaththikkoe C. 1786 BCE
2. Musukunthan Thaeroorndha Chola  C. 1753 BCEPeru nakkan Thatrtri Vayapparuchozhan  C. 1723 BCE
3. Vaer-kaththan Vendhin-vaanporikko  Sooravathumanvaendhi C. 1703 BCE (20 yr Pandya war: Punmurugu Pandyan kills Soorattaarakan the king's brother; the Chola king with help from his cousin  Mayil-thondaiman the Naga king of Manipallava (Jaffna and Vanni) his son prince Achuva-kandan or Acuvakirivan, añd King Aalimugai the Oliya-Iakkan ruler of South Srilanka revamps and attack Pandyas at Chendurai near Korkai; Sooran Vathumavaeinthi, his brother Aerumungai, and crown-prince Vanankoaman killed in the battle, with the aid of the local chief Vairappaagan)
5. Ambalaththu Irumundruvan C. 1682 BCE
6. Kaari Mondhuvan C. 1640 BCE
7. Vennakkan Thatrtri Nazhuum-kandhu-puramtharunjozhan  C. 1615 BCE
8. Maarko Sunthuvan Aravizhai-kodaichozhan C. 1565 BCE
9. Vaer parunthoan Mundruvan C. 1520 BCE
10. Udhan kaththan Makkatsaadi-pagukko  C. 1455 BCE
11. Kaariko Sunthuvan C. 1440 BCE
12. Vendri Nungunan C. 1396 BCE
13. Mondhuvan Vendhi Aedharivanko  C. 1376 BCE
14. Kaandhaman Punaliyuduthakko  C. 1359 BCE
15. Mundruvan Vendhi Naagarkonnko  C. 1337 BCE
16. Kaandhaman II Thannunju-markeekko C. 1297 BCE
17. Monjuvan Vendhi Kaaviri-karai-seikkon  Kaagandhan C. 1276 BCE
18. Ani-sembiyan C. 1259 BCE
19. Nungunan Vendhi Arunjunai-kaangon  C. 1245 BCE
20. Maarkop perum Cenni Pugaarkaraikko  C. 1229 BCE
21. Monjuvan Nanvendhi Sempon-mezhindrakko  C. 1180 BCE
22. Ko-perunar Cenni Maranaattukko  C. 1170 BCE
23. Monthuvan Sembiyan Kaayaavaampurandhako C. 1145 BCE
24. Narcenni Eezhtharai-konnko  C. 1105 BCE
25. Caenn Sembiyan C. 1095 BCE
26. Nakkar Cenni Kachuvaai-kayankandakko  C. 1060 BCE
27. Parum Sembiyan Araivooneenjozhan  C.1045 BCE
28. Venjenni Kanthilameekon  C. 998 BCE
29. Nilaththuvallanko Musukunthan C. 989 BCE
30. Maarko-perum Sembiyan C. 960 BCE
31. Seru-thurandha Nedunjenni C.935 BCE
32. Silai-kadindha Thatchembiyan C. 915 BCE
33. Ambalaththu Iruvaer Sembiyan C. 895 BCE
34. Kaariko Cenni Kalitru-alla-maariththiyan  C. 865 BCE
35. Venvaer Cenni Eqree-kutritha-kon C. 830 BCE
36. Kaandhaman Vevvatram-kaakkai-chozhan C. 788 BCE
37. Muthu-kaandhalan C. 721 BCE
38. Caetchenni Vilir-amaichozhan  C. 698 BCE
39. Vani-nungunan C. 680 BCE
40. Mudhu-sembiyan Vendhi Oruvendhu-konnkoe  C. 640 BCE
41. Peelan Sembiyachozhiyan C. 615 BCE
42. Maeyan Kadungo Pugaarthakkachozhan  C. 590 BCE
43. Uraiyur-thandha Thiththan C. 570 BCE
44. Porvaiko Perunar-killi Vaazhaiththulirchozhan C. 515 BCE
45. Kadu-mundruvan C. 496 BCE
46. Kopperunchozhan C. 495 BCE
47. Narkilli Mudiththalai C. 480 BCE
48. Thevvanko Chozhan Sayykon C. 465 BCE
49. Vithindhavendhan 
Naranjembiyan C. 455 BCE (fights Ajatasatru)
50. Nakkampeela Valavan Karuvemchozhan  C. 440 BCE
51. Inniyan Thevvan Kadunjenni C. 410 BCE
52. Varcembiyan Vaavoonnchozha /  Usinacholan C. 395BCE
53. Nedun-jembiyan Kambotroarman Thiru-nireeiya Chola  C. 386 BCE
54. Nakkan Aranjozhan Vayyathay-uthi Chola  C. 345 BCE
55. Ambalathu Irunko Cenni Veem-siragina Chola  C. 330 BCE
56. Perunar-killi Seeru-kadammayl Chola  C. 316 BCE
57. Kochaenn Cenni   C. 286 BCE
58. Cerupazhi Erinda Ilanjaetcenni Aandhai-nireeiya Chola C. 275 BCE (275 -defeats Pandya Kochezhiya Navalan; 272 -conquers Paazhi and Konkanam; 269 -thwarts a Mauryan invasion; 237 -invades Anuradhapura and Ruhuna; his generals Sena-Guttika govern the Central and South Srilanka for 23 years)
59. Nedungo Perunkilli C. 211 BCE  
60. Cenni Ellagan Thinnvayaththa Chola C. 205 BCE (sends his younger brother Prince Ellaalan / Ezhaalan /Elara to Srilanka, who overthrows Asela of ?Pandyan-Sinhala lineage and rules the island for 44 years)
61. Perunkilli III Thazhoou-muththee Eerachola  C. 165 BCE (loses the battle for Vengi to Kharavela, when his allies Satavahana ?Skandastambi and Athiyamaan withdrew support)
62. Kopperum-chozhanaagan Ilavaenjenni C. 150 BCE. (Ptolemy chronicle & map)
63. Perunariudhankilli Mudikko C. 120 BCE
64. Perumpoot-cenni Ponni-punal-kodai Chola C. 100 BCE
65. Ilamperunjenni Vayan-vaendhu-puli-avitha Chola C. 100 BCE
66. Perunedunkilli Vaendhi Nedunkadatrarai-nilaitha Chola C. 79 BCE
67. Nedumudi Killi Thonvazhamurai Chola C. 35 BCE
68. Ilavanthigaipalli Thunjiya Maei Nalangilli Caetcenni, C. 20 BCE
69. Aai Vaemnalankilli Mutraa-vizhavina Chola C. 15 BCE
70. Uruvapaqraer Ilanjaetcenni Valiyinir-kuruthi-eenjozhan C. 10 - 16 CE
71. 16 CE - 30 CE Kingdom ruled by a series of Uraiyur chieftains
72. Karikala Peruvalaththaan Mullai-pozhinyarkkodai Chola C. 31 CE
73. Vaer-paqradakkai Perunarkilli Eyileriñdha Chola C. 99 CE
74. Kuraapalli Thunjiya Perunthirumavalavan Vaendhin-vinnpori-isatrina Chola  C. 99 CE
75. Nalankilli Ara-thunài Chola C. 111 CE (invades Anuradhapura, seige for three years; the central and southern Srilanka left with their prince Gajabahu after the latter pleads to and sought the help of Emperor Cheran Cenguttuvan (Senkuttuvan))
76. Kula mutrtraththu Thunjiya Tholkudi-meenda Naagarmaruga Perunarkillivalavan C. 120 CE
77. Irasasuya Vaetta Perunarkilli Thalhai-neegina Chola C. 143 CE
78. Vael-kadunkilli C. 192 CE
79. Kochenkanaan Sivi-kaazhi-nunnun-kalliya Chola C. 220 CE
80. Nalluruththiran Sennarchola C. 245 CE

Cirça 76 CE, Chola prince (born to Karikalan and his Naga queen from Manipallava (Jaffna)) Thondaimaan is made the governor of North Tamilakam including the Chola provinces of Maavilangai (about Kanchi on Palar), Pullinadu (about Pazhakkaanam on Kaariyaaru), Ponthappi nadu (the present Srikalahasthi, about Ponthappi on Ponmugari river), Vengada nadu, and Vengi nadu (about Kanimalai on Krisna river).


Pandyan kings of this era:

• Mudaththirumaar'an 1700 B.C.E.-MATHURAI
• Thennarkon Ilanambi maar'an 1665 B.C.E.
• Varu-keezhai Pandyan
• Odukk'aduvina Pandyam
• Oroou-padai Pandyan
• Naaavala-kudiyina Pandyan
• Purantharu-sitrai Pandyan
• Senni-irakkita Pandyan
• Adi-saer-alhivi Pandyan
• Vennkeezh Pandyan
• Naavala-verpaattu Pandyan
• Munmara-man-ayina Nediyoan  
• Vadimbalamba nindra Pandyan 
• Munneer vizhavin Senkezhu Pandyan 
• ...
• Kappinjinan. 
• Venthuynan.
• Sutruynan. 
• Vippuravaagai. 
• Aa'narkeezhai Pandyan
• Thirumaikkanjuga Pandyan 
• O'verci Pandyan.
• Perungalanediyoane 510 B.C.E.
• Vellinitha Thizhigan
• Poru-nedunkai Ani'avina Pandyan
• Kudi-cegutha Pandyan
• Kathir'enibu Pandyan
• Chezhiyanvazhuthi
• Agu'kodai Pandyan
• Vaya'pazhabu Pandyan
• Senkenilaiyitta Pandyan 
• Neduvazhuthi
• Arivudai Nambi Pandyan 360 B.C.E.
• Paan'arvazhuthi
• Nedunjezhiyan
• Kochchezhiyanaval'an
• Saatraa'noi'kodunkon
• Ponnan Peruma Perunjezhiyan
• Ollaiyur thandha poothappaan'dian 150 B.C.E. ....
• Nambi Nedunjezhiyan 76 B.C.E.
• Semmaaran 35 B.C.E.
• Nedunjezhiyan , Aryapadaikadantha, 10 B.C.E.
• Perumpaeyar Vazhuthi ,Karungai Ol'vaall', 25 C.E.
• Nedunjezhiyan , Cithiramadathu thunjiya 85
• Peruvazhuthi , Velliambalathu thunjiya 110
• Nanvazhuthi , Koodakarathu thunjiya 118
• Nanmaar'an , Ilavanthigaipalli thunjiya 121
• Nedunjezhiyan ?Sannbaga Pandyan, Thalaiyaalangaanaththu cheru vendra Pandyan   125
• Ukiraperuvazhuthi, Kaanapaereyil erindha 165
• Peruvazhuthi , Palyaagasalai mudhukudumi 200 C.E. 
• unknown

Prominent Pandyans sung in Cankam literature were:

Mudathirumaran

Koon Pandiyan
Nedunjezhiyan I (Aariyap Padai Kadantha NedunCheliyan)
Pudappandiyan
Mudukudumi Peruvaludhi
Nedunjezhiyan II
Nan Maaran
Nedunjeliyan III (Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunjeliyan)
Maran Valudi
Kadalan valuthi
Musiri Mutriya CheliyanKadalul Maintha Ukkirap Peruvaludi

Chera kings:        
CHERA KINGS FROM NARAVU / VANJI:

• Maavaliceran c.1150 B.C.E.-NAR'AVU 

• ......

• Uthiyan Ceralaadhan , Perunjoatrtru c.900 B.C.E. 

• ...... 

• Nedunjeraladan , Imayavaramban 680 

• ...... 

• Ceral Irumborai , Naarmudi 300-VANJI(in his later years) 

• Vatraa-kala Chera
• Aenaadhi Chera
• Munneelamani Chera 
• Elkaannkarai Chera
• Mandril-maniyitta Chera
• Uvandha-kizhai Chera
• Paanarpponvaeii Chera
• Sindhu-maari Chera
• Munnaattu-nirai Chera 
• Anthuvanjeral Irumborai 130 

• Perunjeralirumborai , Ol'vaall' 100 B.C.E. 

• .... 

• Kuttuvankoadhai 45 B.C.E. 

• Kudakko Ilanjeraladan 10 C.E. 

• Perunjeraladan 40 

• Kudakko Nedunjeraladan 99 

• Cenguttuvan , Kadal pir'akkoattiya vaelkezhu 99 

• Selvakkadungo, Paalai paadiya sikkarpalli thunjiya Vaazhiyaadhaan 120

• Perungadungo,   Thagadoor erindha marutham paadiya Vaazhiyaadhaan 137

• Maariven'ko 165 

• Irumborai , Kanaikkaal 198 

CHERA KINGS FROM THON'DI: 

• Koadhai maarban 120-THON'DI 

• Maaandharanjeral  Irumborai 124

• Maakkoadhai , Kottambalathu thunjiya 143 C.E. 

Pathupattu Cankam list:

Uthiyan Cheralathan

Imayavaramban Nedum Cheralathan 

Narmudi Cheral 

Senguttuvan Chera

Adu Kottu Pattu Cheralathan

Selva Kadumko Vazhiathan 

Perum Cheral Irumporai 

Ilam Cheral Irumporai 

Palyanai Sel Kezhu Kuttuvan

Yanaikatcei Mantaran Cheral Irumporai

Kanaikkal Irumporai

Tamil Kadamba

Nannan I

Vichiko Palkundra Kottan

Nannan II

Ilavichikko

Cankam Tamil emperors / rulers of Srilanka

(of the whole or most of the island):

Prior to Vijaya 548 BCE, Sri Lanka (ancient names of Eezhangai, Palaesimundu,  Paathuma-karpam, Kaliy-aenai,  Nagadipa, Salice) was ruled by Naga, Vettuva and Iyakkann kingdoms, the first two were Tamil, and the last probably Tamil too. Since Vijaya times Sinhala clan had had frequent marital relationships with Pandya and Naga clans; many a time Tamil Naga and Pandya princes and brother-in-laws and nephews of Sinhala rulers had taken to the throne till the first few centuries of Christian Era, whenever a particular Sinhala dynasty comes to an end, or when an internal unrest arose (Mahavamsa). 
"Before the landing of Vijaya both Greek and Indian literature of the period made references to the island and considered it as a kind of fairyland, occupied by Yakshas or non human beings. According to a story of the Jataka, which calls the island Tambapanni, and mentions Nagadipa and Kalyani, states the island inhabited by Yakkhinis".^ (Mendis, G.C. (2006). "The ancient period". Early History of Ceylon(Reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 33. ISBN 81-206-0209-9. Retrieved 2009-11-06)
Even by the chronicle Mahavamsa it is clear that a Kalinga prince Vijaya driven away from his homeland for his hideous and treacherous acts, seek "asylum" in Sr lanka, was given refuge by the Pandyan governor of the Central Sri Lanka. It seems he was accepted into the royal court of Pandyan Eezham, probably as one of the general in the ranks or at least given charge of few villages; and it is further clear that Vijaya was not succeeded by his sons, rather the kingslist is full of Tamil names -the Pandu's, Sivan's, Muththa's and Naga's, starting from the 5th century BCE. Infact the kings next to Vijaya were Panduvasu (literally meaning "from the home of the Pandya") and Pandukabhaya (literally meaning "taking refuge with Pandya" or "in the safe-hands of the Pandya), and all the kings of the ancient clans recorded look clearly to have had descended from these two kings, and the neighboring Tamil Naga clans). (For thousands of years, the Sinlala chronicles used to and continue to imbibe and/or Sinhal-ize powerful non-Sinhala rulers of the island, give them Sinhala or Pali royal titles mostly  posthumously and claim them to be Sinhalese and  Buddhists; but larger traces of evidences uncover the true origin, ethnicity and religious practices of many rulers of ancient Sri Lanka, thanks to the Mahavamsa/Culavamsa/Dipawamsa/Rajaveliya kings-lists, foreign documents like the chronicle of Zheng He, and Tamil inscriptions spread all over the island from Jaffna to Triconamalee to Galle (vide the Galle trilingual stele**). 
Even the better known recent history is documented awkwardly frankly propagandize each and every non-European ruler as Buddhist at the least. A cynical portrait for examples of  such hypocrisy would be this translated Sinhalese document on the last kings: 

1. " Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1780 - January 30, 1832, born Kannasamy Nayaka) was the last of four Kings, to rule the last Sinhalese monarchy of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka. The Nayak Kings were Telugu Buddhists[1] that spoke Tamil"; and 
2. "in freeing the country from the thraldom of Tamils" [Arnold Wright: "Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries and resources" ]; 
3. ^ Francoeur, Noonan, Robert T. Raymond J. Noonan. "The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality". "In Fact, the last Sri Lankan king ruled from highland city of Kandy and was of Tamil descent". Google Books. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
4. ^ Wright, Arnold. "Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon: its history, people, commerce, industries and resources". "...aimed at the removal of the Tamil king...". Google Books. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
5. ^ de Jong, Joop T. V. M. "Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context". "Later in 1815. British captured the central hill country, which was ruled by the Tamil Nayakar, King Rajasingan". Google Books. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
6. ^ Pilimatalavuva, Ananda. "The Pilimatalavuvas in the last days of the Kandyan kingdom (Sinhalé): "..instrumental in raising Prince Kannasamy to the throne under the title of Sri Vickrama Rajasinha". 

Following were the Tamil rulers of the whole or most of the island:)

• Panduvasu 504-474 BCE (most probably Pandyan prince; nephew of issueless Vijaya)
• ?Abhaya 474-454 (son of Panduvasu)
• ?Tissa 454-437 (second son of Panduvasu)
• Pandu-kabhaya 437-367 (grandson of Panduvasu)
• Kanatissa Muthasivan 367-307 (son of Pandu-kabhayan)
• ?Devanampiya Tissa 307-267 (1st son of Muthasivan)
• Mahanagan
• ?Ulathiyan 267-257
• Mahasivan 257-247
• Suratissa. 247-237 BC
• Sena & Guttika 237-218 BCE
• ?Aselan 237-205 (9th son of Muthasiva)
• Ellala / Elara 205-161

• 	Saddha Tissa - - 137 BC 119 BC *Brother of Dutugemunu Thulatthana (Tulna) - - 119 BC 119 BC *Second son of Saddha Tissa Lanja Tissa - - 119 BC 109 BC *Older brother of Thullattana *Oldest son of Saddha Tissa Kallaada-naga aka Khallata Naga (Kalunna)	-	-	109 BC	104 BC	*Tamil Naga usurper after the family of Saddha Tissa
  	Vaaguvalaya Pandya  (aka Sinhalised in Mahavamsa as Valagambahu I /with the title  Vattagamani Abhaya )(Walagamba)	-	-	104 BC	103 BC	*Pandyan emperor and son-in-law of Kallaada Naga

  	Governors of Vaaguvalaya Pandya
  	Pulahatta	-	-	103 BC	100 BC	*Tamil Chief
  	Bahiya	-	-	100 BC	98 BC	*Chief Minister of Pulahatha
  	Panya Mara	-	-	98 BC	91 BC	*Prime Minister of Bahiya
  	Pilaya Mara	-	-	91 BC	90 BC	*Chief Minister of Panayamara
  	Dathika	-	-	90 BC	88 BC	*Chief Minister of Pilayamara

• 	Valagambahu I (Walagamba)	-	-	89 BC	76 BC
  	Mahakuli Mahatissa (Maha Cula Maha Tissa)	-	-	76 BC	62 BC	*Son of Khallatanaga *Nephew and adopted son of Valagambahu I
  	Chora Naga (Mahanaga)	-	-	62 BC	50 BC	*Son of Valagambahu I *Cousin of Mahakuli Mahatissa
  	Kuda Tissa	-	-	50 BC	47 BC	*Son of Mahakuli Mahatissa
  	Siva I	-	-	47 BC	47 BC
  	Vatuka	-	-	47 BC	47 BC
  	Darubhatika Tissa	-	-	47 BC	47 BC
  	Niliya	-	-	47 BC	47 BC
  	Anula	-	-	47 BC	42 BC	*Widow of Chora Naga and Kuda Tissa
  	Kutakanna Tissa	-	-	42 BC	20 BC	*Brother of Kuda Tissa *Second son of Mahakuli Mahatissa
  	Bhatikabhaya Abhaya	-	-	20 BC	9 AD	*Son of Kuttakanna Tissa
  	Mahadathika Mahanaga	-	-	9	21	*Brother of Bhatika Abhaya
  	Amandagamani Abhaya	-	-	21	30	*Son of Mahadathika Mahanaga
  	Kanirajanu Tissa	-	-	30	33	*Brother of Amandagamani Abhaya
  	Chulabhaya	-	-	33	35	*Son of Amandagamani Abhaya
  	Sivali	-	-	35	35	*Sister of Chulabhaya
  	Interregnum	-	-	35	38
  	Ilanaga (Eezha-naaga)	-	-	38	44	*Nephew of Queen Sivali
  	Candamukhai	-	-	44	52	*Son of Ilanaga
  	Ersaazhagan aka Yassalalaka	-	-	52	60	*Younger brother of Candhamuka Siva
  	Subharaja	-	-	60	66	*The hall porter of King Yarsalaka Tissa

• 
  

• 	Nalankilli Chola			111	114	Chola-Pandya conflict renewed over a trivial issue; as a peripheral fallout the  Chola king sends out a small army that was sufficient enough to lay siege, conquer Anuradhapura, and hold it for the next three years, driving away its ruler to the southern forests. Huge quantities of precious stones and realms of gold were sent to Pugar, along with 12000 Sinhala warriors as slaves.
  	Mahallaka Naga	-	-	135	141	*Father-in-Law of Gajabahu I
  	Bhatika Tissa	-	-	141	165	*Son of Mahallaka Naga
  	Kanittha Tissa	-	-	165	193	*Younger brother of Bhatika Tissa
  	Cula Naga (aka Khujjanaga)	-	-	193	195	*Son of Kanitta Tissa
  	Kuda Naga (aka Kunchanaga)	-	-	195	196	*Brother of Cula Naga
  	Siri Naga I	-	-	196	215	*Brother-in-Law of Kuda Naga
  	Voharika Tissa (aka Vira Tissa & Voharikathissa)	-	-	215	237	*Son of Siri Naga I
  	Abhaya Naga	-	-	237	245	*Brother of Voharaka Tissa
  	Siri Naga II	-	-	245	247	*Son of Voharaka Tissa
  	Vijaya Kumara	-	-	247	248	*Son of Siri Naga II

• [Sources: 
  Delineated timeline of ancient civilizations, 
  Mahavamsa, 
  Purananooru, Pathupattu and other Cankam literature, 
  copperplates from: 2 in Sinnamanur and one from Velvikudi and another from Anaimalai
  Copperplates Thiruthani Saasanas, 
  Brihadeeswara Mahatmiya vamsavali, 
  Shasanas of Kanchi, Thillai, Tricy and Karur, 
  AES' Abhithaana Chinthamani, 
  KANilakantasastri's hist of s.ind
  Appaturai.K.'s tennindiya varalaru-porkalankal.
  Rasu.Pounturai's Tamilaka kalvetukalum-kurieedukalum
  Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa. History of the Indian people. 
  Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa. Pre-Aryan Tamil Culture, Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. 
  Citations in Ramayana and Mahabharata, 
  Gerald Hugo & Lesley Wells,1974 with incomplete Pandyan line and Cera kinglines, 
  Nakkeerar work's Uraiyasiriar Timeline of Tamizh Koodal Academies, 
  Regional legends of war-heroes, and Hindu MahaPuranas]