Fifth Civinelam Era (1533-1802) -Nayaks-till-Palaikkars

Tanjavur Nayaks 1564-1676 C.E.
Madurai Nayaks 1377-1451, 1533-1695
Tanjore Marathas 1676-1746
Arcot Nawabs 1695-1751
Danish settlements 1630-1796
Dutch " 1631-1798
French " 1636-1957
English " 1649-1947
Puuliteevan c.1751
Ettappan I c.1763-1767
Teeran Cinnamalai c.1767-1777
Kattabomman II c.1797-1800
Oomaiththurai c.1800-1802
Maruthu brothers c.1800-1802

Third (848-1279) and Fourth (1279-1533) Civinelam Era -Greater Cholas/Later Pandyas

Greater / Imperial Cholas:  Contd.

IRANNMAYIL CHOLAS    Contd.

• Vicayalaia Vaagaikkaazhina Chola / Vijayalaya.  848-893 CE  (wages many battles against Mutharaiyas and their overlords the Pandyas, slowly building a kingdom from scratch; "lord of a thousand battles and a hundred lance-scars" -"aayirampoar thazhuvi nooraayiram thazhumbu tharitha Vaagaikkaazhinan")
• Aditha Aathondai Chola    878-907 (defeats and kills King Aparajitha and annexes Pallava)
• Parantaka Chola I "Kulam-thaanga Ari-maali"   907-950 (conquers Pandya, Chera, Gangas  and Anuradhapura; holds north and central Srilanka for 15 years since 935 CE (Mahavamsa) and makes Udaya III a vassal)
• (Rasaathiraasan I)    947-950 (947^* the Chola king Rajaditya invades the Ganga kingdom to drive out the Ganga-Chalukya Perumanadi, who had established himself there. To the latter's call marches Krishna III of Rashtrakutas. Chola king wins Takkolam battle against Rashtrakutas, but killed by a deception plot)
• Kandaraditha Chola.   950-957 (loses North Thondainadu to Rashtrakutas, however blocks the Rashtrakuta flood at the Cheyyar - Palar confluence; Madurai claims independence) 
• Arinjaya Chola.     956-957    
• Sundara Chola.     957-970.  (965 -crown-prince Aditha Karikala kills Veerapandiya and annexes Madurai; 967 -he also drives Rashtrakutas away beyond Kolar after the 17 years siege of Northwest Thondainadu; 969 -prince Rajaraja annexes most of Srilanka except Ruhuna to the Chola empire)
• (Aditha Karikala Aathondai kovinko)     967-970 (murdered by ?Pandyan rebels)
• Uttama Chola Maduranthakan "Beema Chola".    970-985
• Rajaraja Chola I aka Kaalakaala II.       985-1014.  (975 -completes the conquests of Pandya, Chera, and Kongu; 985 -annexes Laccadives and Gangas; 987 -quenches new rebellions in Tambapanni/Srilanka; 988-991 -Vengi annexed; 992*# -Chalukya Tailappa is defeated in many of his strongholds and repulsed beyond Raichur into the core of Western Chalukya territory; 1000, 1002 -Chalukya Satyasraya driven away beyond Kolhapur and Pandharpur, to the mountains beyond northern origins of river Manjra, cornered and forced to submit to and accept Rajaraja Chola's overlord-ship;  Chalukyan inscriptions complain: "the Cholas then overran Maharashtra, pillaged it, and spared neither women, children nor Brahmans#"; after a period of restrictions of 3 years, he is benevolently allowed to continue to rule northern and central parts of the Chalukya kingdom as a subordinate with due monthly tributes to Tanjore; 989 -Tamil merchant guild is established in the port of Barus, on the west coast of North Sumatra; 1013-1015 -first Chola mission to the Song king in China) 
• 
• Rajendra Chola I Soora-marthanda.     1012-1047 (1014-1017 -annexes Maldives and completes the Chola conquest of the entire Srilankan island; Chola-Pandya governors appointed in Madurai; 1020-1021 -Jayasimha II of Chalukyas refuse to pay tributes and claim Manyakheta again, provoking Rajendra to send his armies to the the Chalukya capital and simultaneously to Vengi as well; Jayasimha routed in both fronts, and dealt severely; the clans of Nolambas and Kadambas of Hangal who were the allies of Chalukyas in these battles  were terminated; boundaries of the Chola empire extended across and beyond the Bhima and Manjra river banks, into the core of Western Chalukyas; Chola annexes Banavasi, Raichur (Edaichura), Kalaburugi (Gulburga), the capital Manyakhet, Rattapadi, Bhatkal and Kolhapur, and pushes the Chalukyas into their northern frontiers for their safety; Vengi, Manyakheta, Konkana, Bellary, Kadamba, Nolamba, Uchchangi, Hoysala, Ganga, Chera, Pandya and Srilanka become integral provinces of the Imperial Cholas; 1022-33 -annexes North Godavari, Bastar, Kalinga, Sakkarakottam, Bihar, Bengal defeating Mahipala, and kings of Kamboja Pala, Dandabhukti and of Chandra dynasty; 1025-1026 -naval expedition to Indochina, the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia in 1025: after the Khmer king Suryavarman I requested Chola aid against Tambralinga kingdom,^* the latter sought from the Srivijaya King Sangrama Vijayottunggavarman,^*|* who was captured; the Chola armada took large heaps of treasures including the Vidhyadara Torana, the jewelled 'war gate' of Srivijaya adorned with great splendour,^[*]plundering the royal palace of Palembang and taking the kingand his family as hostages; the Cholas launched successive attacks on other Srivijayan ports - Malayu, Tumasik, Pannai and the port of Kadaram (Kedah).; the war ended with grand victories for the Chola and major losses for the Sri Vijaya Empire and the Tambralinga kingdom; 1030 -victory over 13 countries including Madamalingam (or Tambralinga), Mevilimbangam (or Palembang) (vide Thanjavur Peruvudaiyar Koil inscriptions, Jue-Tang-Chu and Sin-Tang-chu chronicles in Ming period), To-Po-Teng (South Thailand), To-Mo-Sang island (Temasek or Singapore), and Poli or Poling, Mali or Maling - Danmaling the Nakorn Sri Dharmaraj city of Tambralinga, its frontiers bordering Chen-La (Khmer); 1033-34 -further expeditions leading to the conquests of Andaman, Nicobar, West and South Burma, Southern Thailand and Indonesia, after  defeating  the king of Mandalay; the empire extracts annual tributes from these kings from Indonesia to Burma, and from Prayag to Angkor Wat, who were under direct Chola suzerainty till 1078 CE, and as tribute paying subordinates and trade partners an arrangement that lasted till the times of Kulothunga-III and to a limited extent, of Raja Raja-III; 1017-1026 -aids king Bhoja Paramara of Ujjain in thwarting and driving away Mahmud of Ghazni in his last few invasions; quells a rebellion by Kassapa in Srilanka; 1030-1033 -second Chola mission to China)

• Rajadhiraja Chola.    1044-1054 (the Chalukya Ahavamalla Someswara I spent his reign in a ceaseless struggle against Chola aggression. The Chola empire now- extended in a half circle round the Chalukya kingdom. Ahavamala therefore moved his capital from Yatagiri (30 miles south of Malkhed) to Kalyan, the modern Kalyani in the Nizam's  dominions; the Chola king wins many battles against Someswara I on Tungabhadra and Krishna banks; but in the battle of Koppam (1052)just after securing the victory, Rajadhiraja falls to a loose arrow; Chalukyas claim that the Cholas lost Banavasi in the ensuing confusion)
• Rajendra Chola II.     1051-1063 (crowned in the battlefield, after his brother the king dies; wins battles when Cholas invade Chalukyas; )
• Rajamahendra Chola.   1057-1063 (wins battles when Cholas invade Chalukyas, dies in the last one)
• Virarajendra Chola Keertivartana. 1063-1070 (1063 -Ahavamala was defeated first at Bejwada and afterwards at Kudal Sangam, the junction of the Krishna and the Tungabhadra; annexes Kalyani and northern core provinces of Chalukya, beyond Godavari, upto Vidharbha and river Wardha; 1065 -Someswara I pleads truce with Virarajendra; 1067 -the emperor sends Chola prince Thivakaala Rajendra (future Kulothunga I) as the governor of Srivijaya of Palembang, who later visits the Imperial court of China as the ambassador of the Tamil empire; 1068 -sends a successful naval expedition to Kedah to quell rebellion and appoint Srivijaya king in-charge of the province; 1068 -Ahavamalla Someswara I sends an signed letter to  the Chola king inviting him to meet him again at Kudal Sangam, but he prefers a subjectively dignified end by drowning himself in the River Krishna, rather than extending his humiliating losing streak; 1069 -Someswara II and Vikramaditya I fights for their Chalukya throne; Vikramaditya I submits to the Chola emperor and seeks his help -Vikramaditya had already deterred to Virarajendra's camp at Kudal Sangam and obtain his promise of help against Someshwara; the Chola emperor invades the Someshwara's side of Chalukya country and burns down Kampili##; the Chola make him king of Kalyani, and both sides enter into a bizarre and transient marital relationship by exchanging princesses as a purported mark to the beginning of a short-lasting independence for the Chalukyas, after the 80 year long Chola occupation of the Chalukyan homeland of what is now Bijapur and Gulburga)

VENGI CHOLAS

• Kulothunga Chola I Rajendrasaalangayanjozha Thivakaala*.  1070-1120 (grandson of Virarajendra and son of Vengi king (Eastern Chalukya) and Chola princess; invited and crowned by popular vote, after crown-prince Athirajendra invites and hands back the conquered Gulburga and Uttar Kannada territories to Vikramaditya VI Chalukya, his brother-in-law against Emperor Virarajendra's interests; 1071-1072 -regains Kolar, Gangavadi, Tungabhadra, and Kalyani, with the aid of Vengi chief and Vikramaditya VI is routed, captured and pardoned as he is also a Chola son-in-law and is made a petty governor of Bellary*; 1076 -when Cholas are absorbed in quenching Pandyan rebellions, Vikramaditya VI declares independence and is let off to slowly reclaim Kalyani, Raichur and Bellary; 1075-1077 -third Chola mission to China; 1088 -establishes fourth and fifth merchant guilds in Burma and Sumatra; 1078 -Pandya and Srilanka (Tambapanni / Tamiraparani) momentarily rise to power, but laid siege upon and annhilated in 1080 and 1084 respectively; kings Sundarapandya and Vijayabahu I flee to Agastyamalai and Wakirigala (near Ruhuna) respectively; 1092 -lose Vengi momentaily to Chalukyas; in a few months Cholas under prince Vikramachola regain and annex the lost frontiers of Vengi(1092) and Madurai(1088,1096), and win many battles along Bellary(1089,1092) and Raichur and Koppal(1098,1101); 1102 -Sinhalese king regain Polonnaruwa; 1110 -the famed conquest of Kalinga; 1115 -Chalukyas raid and siege Talakkadu, when the prince was away to the Chola capital to visit the ailing emperor)
• Vikrama Chola.    1118-1135 (1118 -places a Chola governors in Kalinga and Vengi; invades Chalukyas who lose Tumkur and ?Vanavasi forever; 1120 -brings the remaining of Pandya (in the far south) and Chera again under the Cholas; 1118-1126 -Chalukya Vikramaditya VI occupies Vengi during Vikrama's coronation in the far south, but Cholas capture Vengi back after Vikramaditya's death, in 1126; 1121 -quells down Srilankan rebellions, the whole island (at times sans Ruhuna) is placed under Chola empire as a province, tributary or subordinate, or under Chola clans till 1266 CE with an interrugnum between 1153-1180 when the Chola domination was restricted to the lattitudes north of Polonnaruwa)
• Kulothunga Chola II Anabhaayan Kirumi-kanda Chola. 1133-1150
• Rajaraja Chola II Kanagachola.  1146-1173

CENKANNMAR KONERINANMAIA CHOLAS

• Rajadhiraja II Konerinanmaia Chola. 1166-1178
• Kulothunga III Konerinanmaia "Kaalakaala III" Chola.   1178-1218 (1180 -Pandyas' resurgence thwarted and dealt severely; conquers Kalinga (1190) and Srilanka(1196); places his governors in Polonnaruwa)
• Rajaraja Chola III.      1216-1256 (1216 -Madurai independent again; 1223, 1225 and 1245 Pandyan invasions of Chola capital; 1256 -Kadava Pallava gain northern Chola territory)
• Rajendra III Paadhira Chola.     1246-1279 (loses battles against Pandyas; 1268 -?Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan may have been killed in the final battle; 1272-1275 -Kadava Pallavas lay siege on Thanjavur)

Medieval Tamil Emperors / Rulers of Srilanka:

• Paranthaka Chola  935-950.
• Rajaraja Chola  969*-1014. (except Ruhuna)
• Rajendra Chola I to Virarajendra Chola. 1014-1077 (all of Sri Lanka)
• Vikramachola to Kulothunga II.  1121-1153 
• Kulothunga II to Kulothunga Chola III.  1153-1180 (rule the land north of Polonnaruwa)
• Kulothunga Chola III.  1180-1197 (unified the three Sinhala kingdoms of Ruhuna, Dakkinadesa (Malayarata) and Rajarata; direct rule initially and later installing his puppets)
• Chodaganga 1196-1197 (governor of Kulothunga Chola III)
• Anikanga 1209-1210 (governor of Kulothunga Chola III)
• Lokissara / Ulageeswara Arikulamasitha  Eyina-chozhiyan 1210-1211 (governor of Kulothunga Chola III)
• Parakrama Pandya 1212-1215 (Pandyan prince and brother-in-law of Sundara Pandya)
• Kaalingamaagan / Kalinga Magha 1215-1222 (Chola prince and nephew of Kulothunga Chola III; originally a Chola governor of Kalinga; reign over Jaffna, Rajarata, Dakkinadesa Mayarata and Dambadeniya; 1222-1236 -upto Polonnaruwa; 1236-1255 -upto Vavunia; 1255 -in his 70th year of age, is dethroned by the invading  Tambralinga king of South Thailand Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja) 
• Mahindantaka 1236-1260 (southern kingdom of Polonnaruwa; son-in-law of Kaalingamaaga); 1247 -thwarts an invasion by Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja king of Tambralinga, and drives them down to Dambadeniya) 
• Jayabahuchozhiya 1260-1266 (son of Magindantaka; reign from Polonnaruwa seat of Rajarata)
• Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan 1258-1268 (invades on the request of the Sinhala Ruhuna king to check Chandrabhanu Tambralinga, and make his North Srilankan kingdom a tributary to Pandya; a second attempt by Chandrabhanu to invade from the north prompts the Prince Jatavarman Veera Pandyan I, brother of emperor to intervene in 1262-1264; Chandrabhanu was killed; Savakanmaindan ("son of Java" the prince of Javanese - Tambralinga kingdom with a classical Tamil name -suggesting Tamil as lingua franca in Java and/or Tambralingam), his son, eventually submits and is allowed to retain control of the Jaffna kingdom)
• Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I 1268-1302 (1274 -when Saavakamaindan embarks on another invasion of the south Ruhuna, the Pandya king  again invades and defeats him, and eventually installs one of their ministers Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan, an Aryacakravarti as the King of Jaffna and Konamalai; 1277-84 -Pandyas under Cinkaiariyan invades Yapahuwa the Sinhala capital, destroys the city and takes away the famed Buddha's tooth relic to South India, and direct Pandya rule continues till at least 1303 in Dambadeniya)
• Kulasekara Cinkaiariyan (start of the Aryacakravarti dynasty (1288-1619))
• 1300-1303 (?Jaffna Tamil king's invasion and destruction of the Sinhalese capital Polonnaruwa; Sinhalese driven southwest)
• 1341-1344 (?Jaffna Tamil king's invasion and destruction of the Sinhala capital Karunegala; Sinhalese seat moved further south near the safer mountains)
• 1350-55 -Alagakkonara or Alakakkōṉ(Tamil) or Allegakoen aka Alakesvara, a minister of the local king Vickramabahu III; a third generation powerful chief from a family of Tamil nobles from Kanchipuram; fortified a marshy region around present day Colombo region, on the marshes to the south of the Kelani River; called the fortress Jayewardhanapura Kotte, "The fort"; 1369 Alakesvara drove out  the invaders from Jaffna kingdom. The Arya Chakaravarthi launched a second invasion attempt during the reign of Buwanekabahu V, landing in the southern kingdom by land and sea. Although the Sinhala king initially fled his capital, Alakeshwara crowns himself as the king of the southern island, simultaneously attacks the troops that arrived by sea, routing them at Dematagoda, and destroying their ships at Panadura
• Kumara Alakesvara, half-brother of king Buwanekabahu V controlled the region from 1386–87 and 1391-1399
• Vira Alakeswara 1387-1391; 1399-1414 (defeats Vanni chiefs and Jaffna patnam; 1405 -defeats, humiliates, pardons  and drives away the invading Chinese Ming Admiral Zheng He and his huge imperial fleets; 1411 -Zheng He returns again with bigger barbaric fleets, raids Colombo and Kotte, and treacherously kidnaps members of royal family, and Alakeswara is forced to come down; it is rumored an unknown general disguised as the local king was taken away by Zheng He to China and returned back after a year following interventions of the still powerful Tamil guilds of Yunnan and Nanjing; Alakeswara continued to rule for the next three years after Zheng He's raid)
• 1408 (?Jaffna Tamil king's invasion and destruction of the Sinhala capital Gampola) 
• 1435, a South Indian invasion from the Vijayanagara Empire, is recorded 
• Senbaga Perumal aka Sapumal Kumaraya. 1449-1467 (a native Tamil from the East; expedition to Adriampet in modern South India, triggered by the seizure of a Lankan ship laden with cinnamon; conquest of Jaffna; skirmishes with Arikesari Parakrama Pandya of Tinnevelly who supported when Kanakasooriya Cinkaiariyan the Aryacakravarti king fled to South India añd returned to power after 1467)
• Senbaga Perumal aka Sapumal Kumaraya ascended the Kotte throne under the name of Bhuvanaika Bahu VI. (c. A.D. 1472–1480)  (built the Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna as well as other Temples and Buddhist Vihares in the South; put down rebellions against him)
• Pandita Parakrama Bahu VII
• Parakramabahu VIII (also known as Ambulagala Kumara) was King of Kotte in the fifteenth century, who ruled from 1484 to 1518.
• Dharma Parakramabahu IX was King of Kotte in the sixteenth century, who ruled from 1508/09 to 1528
• Vijayabahu VII was the son of Vira Parakrama Bahu VIII, who was an adopted child of Parakrama Bahu VI who founded Kotte
• Bhuvanekabahu VII king of Kotte from 1521 to 1551
• Mayadunne (1521–1581) king of the Kingdom of Sitawaka,  ruled for 60 years; defeats Veediye Bandara of Pelenda; with the support of Weerasundera Mudali of Peradeniya, Rajasinha  invaded in 1583 and chased Karalyadde Bandara king of Kandy
• Raigam Bandara 1538, Mayadunne annexed the Kingdom of Raigama
• Dharmapala
  (aka Dom Joaõ Dharmapala)
• Rajasinha I aka Tikiri Bandara of the Kingdom of Sitawaka 1581 to 1592: conflicts with Buddhist monks;  followed an anti-Buddhist line: remarkable siege at Colombo Portuguese Fort; settled Brahmans at significant Buddhist sites such as sigiriya, sri pada etc. Under the advice of a South Indian, named Aritta Kivendu Mannamperuma Mohottala, his chief advisor he razed many Buddhist religious sites to the ground; in the Sath korale region, a prince named Pothupala Bandara rebelled against Rajasinha with the support of Portuguese; all leaders who supported the rebellion were be headed; prelates were involved in an attempt to make Konappu Bandara the king of Kandy; the  conspiracy was exposed leading to execution of hundreds of Buddhist prelates, 121 monks were killed by Rajasinha)
• Vimaladharmasuriya I of the kingdom of Kandy aka Konappu Bandara 1590-1604

Chola branch(es):
KONGU CHOLAS   1224-1303 CE
VAANARA CHOLARAYAS   1309-1538 CE 
after a 30 year obscurity

    *  Thiribhuvanaviradeva Chola (1309-1325 CE) from Gangaikondacholapuram (control:Tanjavur-Bhuvanagiri)
    *  Konerirayan / Konerinanmai kondachozhan II (1325-1362 CE) from Thirunallam (Konerirajapuram) (controlled Tiruchi-Nagapatinam-Kanchi)

    *  Keertimaan Perruvaraiyan (1365-1404)
    *  Thirumalaivarayan (1405-1444)
    *  Mazhavaraiyan (1445-1473)
    *  Thippivaraiyan (1474-1508)
    *  Karuvoorvaraiyan (1509-1529)
    *  Viravicayasaenkara Cholavaanagan(1530-1538 CE) (1533 -conquered Madurai, lost it completely in 1535)

Thanjavur Nayakar:

• Sevappa Nayak (1564–1580)
• Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614)
• Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1634)
• Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–1673)

Kaadava Pallavas:

•      Virasekaran -of Kudaloor (near Cuddalore)
•      Manavalapperumal -feudatory of Kulothunga Chola III
•      Kopperunchingan I Kulottungachola Kadavarayan Azhagiyasiyan (1216 - 1242 CE) (controlled Senthamangalam-Kanchipuram)
•      Kopperunchingan II (1243 - 1279 CE) (controlled Cholas from 1272-1275)
•      Kachchiyarayan (minor feuds)
•      Cholakon               "
•      Nilagangaraiyan     " 

Pirkaalappandiyar / Later Free Pandyas:      

• Maravarman Sundara Pandyan I (1216–1238 CE)
• Sundaravaramban Kulasekaran II (1238–1240 CE)
• Maravarman Sundara Pandyan II (1238–1251 CE)
• Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan (1251–1268 CE)
• Maaravaramban Kulasekara Pandyan I (1268–1308 CE)
• Sundara Pandyan IV (1309–1311 CE)
• Vira Pandyan IV (1309–1314 CE)

Last Pandya in exile -Namakkal Pandya:

• Vira Pandyan IV (1314–1347 CE)

Tenkasi Pandya branch: (1314-1334 CE)

Maavali Vaanara/Banas of Madurai: (1311-1538 CE) -(Pollachi-South Madurai-Pudukottai-Ramnad belt)

•       Kayalmasitha Vaanagatharaiya 1311-1373 CE
•       Ranga-villi-dasan Naavalai Pandyakulanthakan 1373-1374
•       Bhuvanekavira Samara Kolaakalan 1374-1411

•       Ponparappinar Bhuvanekaviran II  1411-1433
•  
•       Vikramarkka I Garudaketanan 1433-1437
•       Pugazhvippavarkandan Vazhuthi-saengaran 1438-1447
•       Thirumalirunjolai Maavali Vaanar  1447-1469 CE 
•       Sundarathoaludaiyan Maavali 1469-1479
•       Kaalaiyaar Somanaar 1479-1487
•       Anjaatha Perumal 1487-1499
•       Moodharaicha Thirumalai Maavali 1499 CE 
•       Thennangon Vaanaathi Varayar 1499-1530 CE
•       Chandrasekara Pandyakulaanthakan 1531-1533 CE

Madurai Sultanate (North Madurai, Trichinopoly and Arcot districts)  

Following Raids by : 

• Malik Kafur 1310.
• Chera king Rajavarma 1313.

Sultanate.  1315-1377 CE:
As feudatories to Delhi Khilji and Tuglaq dynasties.  1315-1332 CE
As independent Sultans.  1333-1377 CE: 

• Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan 1325-1339 CE 
• Alaud din Udauji Shah 1339–1340
• Qutb ud din Firoz 1340
• Giyaz uddin Muhammad Damghan 1340-1344 (kills Hoysala Vira Ballala; Ibn Batutah visits)
• Nazir ud din Mahmud Damghan 1344–1356 
• Adl Shah 1356–1359
• Faqr ud din Mubarak 1359–1368
• Ala ud din Sikandar 1368–1377

First Madurai Nayaks:

• Kodikan Naaikkan 1372 CE
• Kampana Udaiyar  1372-1404 CE
• Embana Udaiyar
• Porkasa Udaiyar
• Lakkana Nayakkan coregent with
• Mathanan (both 1404-1451 CE)

Later Madurai Nayaks:  1533-1736 CE

Nagama Nayakkan Viswanatha Nayakka  Viswanatha Nayakka	1533-1535 1535–1559 1559-1563
Kumara Krishnappa Nayakka	1563–1573
Joint Rulers Group I	1573–1595
Joint Rulers Group II	1595–1602
Muttu Krishnappa Nayakka	1602–1609
Muttu Virappa Nayakka	1609–1623
Tirumalai Nayakka	1623–1659
Muthu Alakadri Nayakka	1659–1662
Chokkanatha Nayakka	1662–1682
Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayakka	1682–1689
Rani Mangammal	1689–1704
Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayakka	1704–1731
Queen Meenakshi             1731-1736

First (250-556 CE) and Second (556-848CE) Civinelam Era -Kalabhra/Kalapparar Republics

Kalapparar / Kalabhra Republics:

• 250 CE -A consortium of many city-states form Kalappara("kala+parar"--field-toilers/peasants) republics headed by: 

1. Idakali  I (Kali-arasan) local chief of Nadunaadu  c250 CE 
2. Kotpuli Nayanar of Pugaar.  c250 CE  (a Chola general)
3. Kaazhimalaiyan of Miladu  c250  CE
4. Velkezhu Nallikkoen of Thottivettuvam. c250 CE
5. Ilankumanan of Mudhiramalai.  c250 CE
6. Thiraiyan of Pavuthirai  c250 CE (a Thondaiman Pallava prince)
7. Aai-Viyankoe-Karunaadan of Erumaiyur (Tamil:"mai+ur"="karu+nadu") c250  CE
8. Pulli of Vengadam  c250 CE
9. Kaaralan of Kadamba. c250 CE (last chief of Cankam Tamil Kadambas; 280 -allies with Vigarakon (Viyankoe) of Erumaiyur, and both these chiefs of North Tamil Kalabhra republics rally against the Kalabhra de-facto emperor Soora Thanjan; killed at Vatapi battle by Thanjan; crown-prince Aankari-mungan killed by Kalabhra general Ayalan)
10. Soora Thanjan of Parankundram ?c250-325 CE (minister of the last of Cankam Pandya king; seizes Madurai throne in the popular Kalappara (Kalabhra) uprising; 270 -becomes chief of the all-Kalabhra consortium; moves his capital to Sikkal; defeats Pallavas who attacked the Kalappara / Kalabhra city-states of Mudhirai and Pazhakkadu, at Vallam and Kadalmallai; 280 -occupies Vanavasi bringing to an end the Cankam Tamil Kadamba dynasty; ?300 -builds a new capital for Kalabhras, named after him -Thanjavur; ?300 -quells a rebel by his Madurai general Ayamugan; 325 -wins many battles against Siva Skanda Pallava before being killed in his last at Patteesuram, at his hundredth year, by the Pallava prince Vishnuvaramban)

• Simbullman 290-333 CE (co-regent with his father Suran Thanjan) 
• Idakazhinan II  / Idankazhi / Idangazhi Nayanar. ?c333-399 CE (After Thanjan's demise, and Emperor Simbullman's abdication, the latter' nephew Idangazhi II the Konaadu chief stationed then at the Kodumbaloor fortress, is crowned as the Kalabhra  (Kalappaalar) emperor; 344 -thwarts and drives away Samudragupta who invaded the northern Pallava protectorates, which Idakazhinan annexes to the Kalabhra empire; 385 -kills Skandavaramba II and destroys a Vakataka-Gupta army of ?Vindhyasena II and Rudrasena II in a battle on the Krishna banks)
• ?unknown (420 -loses battle against Aagavaramba Pandya)
• Achu-thaavi Karanthan aka Tevveengya II.   c450-506 CE (initially a chief of Thirukaranthai in Nadunaadu, also a (maternal) grandson of the chief of Vengadu near Pugar; 450 CE-defeats Aagavaramba Pandyan and annexes Madurai; by 454 CE conquers Chera and Pallava; rules with Chidambaram as his capital, and with Cholas as his able generals; makes the Medieval Kadamba clan of Vanavasi his vassal, extracting huge half-yearly tributes; unifies and rules  all land south of River Krisna)
• Kootran / Kootruva Nayanar.  c507-528 CE (initially governor of Madurai, becomes Kalabhra king of Madurai, as after his mother's brother and emperor Achu-thaavi dies of old age, a strong rebellious Pandyan prince had to be put away, with  the South needing constant watch; the emperor's son Prince  Meikandaan is just 14, a Chola general Pugazhinan is appointed as the chief of Oriental and Central Kalabhra territory -extending from (the present) Thiruvannamalai to Pudukottai districts in length, and from coast-to-coast across the old Tamil land; Meikandaar raised at Chidambaram, is initially placed as governor of Miladu, and in 530 CE is crowned as Madurai king after Kootruvan)
• Meikanda Nayanar.  c530-560 CE (son of Achu-thaavi Karanthan; rules from Madurai; killed treacherously by a Pandyan prince Muthanathan disguised as a sage)
• Cedivallavan.  c540-560 CE (ruled Karuvoor; 556 -defeated by Simmavishnu)

Medieval Chola Emperors, Kings & Vassals:

• unknown (Cholas as vassals/governors  of Kalappara)  250-506 CE.

PUGAZHINA DYNASTY:

1. Pugazhkko Chola of Karaivadavur. 506-551 CE (first Chola king after a hiatus of 250 years; conquers and rules over Chera, Gangas, Pallavas, and Anuradhapura; conqueror of Srilanka as mentioned in Mahavamsa; capital at Malaikkootram (Kumbakonam)) 
2. Paeyili Chola.   551-556 CE
3. Yaappudhi-iya Chola.
4. Seruthaanai-maia Chola.   580-605 CE (vassal of Pallava)
5. Karuncigai Chola.
6. Sezhiamaia Paathivan Irumudi Chola.  640-695 CE (640 -kills Pandya king Chezhian Cendan in the battle of Kanapereyil; rules Pazhaiyaaru and Madurai till 670) 
7. IRANNMAYIL DYNASTY:   
8. Irannmaia Kaalakaala Chola I.  695-?752 CE (695 -son of daughter of Sezhiyamaia Paathiva; hence claims descent both from Idakazhinan II and Pugazhkko Chola; captures Kanchi, the Pallava crown-prince Irannyavarman killed in the battle, crowns his own brother-in-law and Pallava prince Rajasimman I at Kanchi after 5 years; his younger brother and Chola prince is Seruthunai Nayanaar)
9. Pathin-thiththa Chola.  753-770 CE (755 -loses to Nandivarman II, Pallava suzerainty until 796 CE)
10. Sakkiru-vatrina Chola.  770-780 CE
11. Thaayumaana Chola.   780-798 CE (796 -declares independence from Pallavas who are in their weakest reign of the century)
12. Thaarumavaramba Chola.  798-827 CE 
13. Sooraman Chola (Sooraathiraja).  828-843 CE  (starting from 833 -invades Tambapanni (Srilanka) four times in the next eleven years, lay siege on Ruhuna, extract heavy annual tributes, and makes Sinhala kingdom a vassal of Pazhaiyaru  till 843 (Mahavamsa))
14. interregnum: 843-848 (Sooraman Chola poisoned when visiting a vihara in Anuradhapura; Pandyas capture South Chola country (upto southern banks of Kaveri) and place Mutharaiyas as governors; the 13-year old Chola prince Vijayalaya escapes to Kodumbalur palace)
15. Vijayalaya Chola.  848-893 CE  (wages many battles against Mutharaiyas and their overlords the Pandyas, slowly building a kingdom from scratch; "lord of a thousand battles and a hundred lance-scars")
16. [Contd. Imperial Cholas into Third Kandikai Era]

Medieval Tamil emperors 
(of the whole island / most of Srilanka):

	(Sangha Tissa I)	-	-	248	252	*A Lambakanna
	(Siri Sangha Bodhi I (aka Siri Sangabo))	-	-	252	254	*A Lambakanna-  claimed by Mahavamsa as the greatest Buddhist devotee; claimd by other sources like Abithana Chintamani as having embraced Saivism in his last days, after he lost his eyes from a curse by a Saiva sage.
	Kotthuvan aka Gothabhaya	-	-	254	267	*Minister of State
	Asuvatthonteesa aka Jettha Tissa I	-	-	267	277	*Eldest son of Gothabhaya
	Mahasena	-	-	277	304	*Brother of Jettha Tissa *Younger son of Gothabhaya
	Sirimeghavanna	-	-	304	332	*Son of Mahasena
	Jettha Tissa II	-	-	332	341	*Brother of Sirimeghavanna
	Buddhadasa	-	-	341	370	*Son of Jettha Tissa II
	Upatissa I	-	-	370	412	*Eldest son of Buddhadasa
	Mahanama	-	-	412	434	*Brother of Upatissa I
	Soththisena	-	-	434	434	*Mahanama’s son born to a Tamil mother

Pandu 429-441 CE – first of six Pandiyan rulers
Parindha 441
Kutta Parindha 441-447
Tiritara 447
Dathiya 447-450
Pithya 450-452
Pugazhko Chola 506-551
Eezhankadandha Paeyili Chola 551-556
Paramesvaravarma Pallava 672-695 
Surathiraja Chola 833-847

Pandyan kings:
AAVARAMBINA DYNASTY:

• (Nilavani Pandyan) 
• Aaranjaathu Vem-maga-pandyan Aaga-varamban (c420-450 CE)
• 450-560 CE (a province of Kalabhras)  
• Kadungon II (560–590) (plots and murders Kalabhra king Meikanda Nayanar, and seizes Madurai)
• Maravarman Avani Culamani (590–620)
• Cezhiyan Cendan (620–640) (630 -Pandyas uñder crown-prince Jayantavarman, Ganga chief Durvinita and Chalukya king Pulakeshi II attack Pallavas from three sides, and Mahendravarman loses northern frontiers; 640 -loses throne to Sezhiamaia Irumudi Chola)
• Saianta-varamban (630-670) (640 -vassal of Chola)
• Arikesari Maravarman Nindraseer Nedumaaran (670–710) (670 -granted independence again for his aid to Cholas in controlling a Chera uprising; allies with Chalukya king Vikramaditya I, and attacks Pallavas at Uraiyur, and is defeated; 709 -annexes Chera through wins in multiple battles)
• Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran Vangiya-kalazhon (710–735) (annexes Ay country and South Travancore; wins Mangalore battles against Chera and Chola; skirmishes on and in Chalukya Vikramaditya II and Gangas frontier territories; lose last three battles against and killed by Irannmaia Chola)
• Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman Rajasimha I (735–765) (755 -independent after the death of Irannmaia Chola; conquers Kongu, Malava, and Ganga; defeats Ganga Sripurusha and Chalukya Kirtivarman II)
• Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan (765–790) (initially a vassal of Pallava; defeats Vidukaadhazhagiiya-perumaal-athigan of Thagadoor and Kuthiraimalai  (Dharmapuri, Mandya and Bangalore districts) on behalf of Nandhivarman II (789) and thence granted freedom)
• Rasasingan II (790–800)(marital relationship with Cholas)
• Varagunan I Vangiya-padhaaga Pandyan (800–830)
• Sirmara Seervallabha (830–862) (battles vs. Nandivarman III, loses and regains Madurai, wins at Kumbakonam against Pallavas)
• Varagunavarman II (862–885) (?usurper; 885 -loses Thirupurambiyam battle to Pallava and Chola, turns ascetic)
• Parantaka Viranarayana (885–900) (Varaguna's brother)

MAARA-SUNDARA DYNASTY:

• Maravarman Rajasimha II (900–920) (usurper; killed by Parantaka Chola)

Pallava kings:
MANIPALLAVA NAAGA-CHOLA DYNASTY:

1. Thondaimaan Ilanthiraiyan 76 - 110 CE (Chola prince & vassal of Cholas)
2. Vaezhaeru Nagathiraiyan  110 - 140 CE (vassal of Cholas; Ptolemy Map(140CE) shows Sora Nagas and Basaro Naga  in Malanga (Mavilangai) and Kanchi, in the present Tamil Nadu and Andhra pradesh states, apart from the emperor Sornaga of Uraiyur)
3. Kovvai-thiraimaan Kaalapatruthi 140 - ?160 CE (vassal of Chola)
4. Aasu Azhuvaththu Aamaan aka ?Amur-thandha Mallan II 160 - ?189 CE ,,
5. Oondha-nirai-thondaiyarkon Soodaa'manipallavan 190 - 200 CE ,,
6. Virral-kurichivaramaan Kurumboth'arav'ina-kon 200 - 210 CE ,,
7. MAAVILANKAI-VARAMBAR KAADAVA DYNASTY:            
8. Moo-vaagaimaan Mukkannamaya Thondaiyarkon 210 - 250 CE (210 -the Thondaimaans had unified ten smaller kingdoms in their vicinity viz. Malli, Poozhi, Aruvaa, Maavilankai, Aamoor, Venkatam, Kanimalai, Nallamalai, Kadalmallai and Vaiyavi along with their own Thondainaadu, whence the unified region came to be known as "the country of ten states" or "Pallava naadu" and the rulers "Pallavas": (Pal and Paththu in Tamil mean "a set of ten"); 225 -Moovagaiman annexes southern regions of Satavahanas, upto Visalur and Kolhapur).
9. Kezhupparavina Thiraiyan Sooravaramban 250-275 CE (son of Mukkannamaia Tondaiyarkon; 274 -lay siege on Kalabhra city-states Mudhirai and Pazhakkadu; 275 -Kalabhra emperor Thaarsura Thanjan routs Thiraiyan Sooran at Kadalmallai battle)
10. Simma Varamban I Kaanagopan 275–300 CE (second son of Thiraiyan Sooran;  killed in battle by Simbullman the Kalabhra emperor (co-regent with his father Suran Thanjan))
11. Siva Skanda Varambanaagan I Uyyara Uyarko-kon 300-340 CE (annexes current Srisailam, Wanaparthy, Krisna and Bellary, after many wars with Pravarasena I -in the last of which Vakataka crown prince Gautamiputra is killed; defeats Kuntala Chutus who offer princess for truce; 325 -crown-prince Vishnuvaramba kills Kalabhra emperor Soora Thanjan (allegedly just before his 100th year, to prevent him become immortal and to avenge for his grandfather's death) at Patteesuram near Cauvery banks; naval expeditions and settlements to Indochina -crowns a Pallava prince Saanattan  in Funan, followed by another prince Saynn-senjan)
12. Vishnu-gopan Thirumaandhinvaramban 340-355 CE (344 -northern frontiers -Vengi, Aavamutram (Avamukta), Pazhakkadu and Kariyaru raided by Samudragupta's army; invasion repulsed immediately with the arrival of Kalabhra emperor Idakazhinan II / Idangazhi Nayanar upon Pallava's request; 345 -post-raids Pallava made vassal of Kalabhras (Kalapparas))
13. Kumaravishnu I ?356–370 CE (Pallava princess married to the Kalappara emperor, Pallava granted independence again; but loses hold of Nittur (Bellary)  to ?Western Gangas, and Visalur to ?Vakatakas)
14. Skandavaramban II 370–385 CE (385 -when Pallava invite the Vakatakas under Vindhyasena and Rudrasena to invade Vanavasi and Kudagu, the Kalappara emperor destroys the allied armies near Kolhapur in Kuntala; Skandavarman II and ?Rudrasena II killed)
15. Virralinavarmban 385–400 CE
16. Skandavarmban III 400–436 CE
17. Simmavarman II Seermeega-Kadavarkon 436–460 CE (regains Srisailam and Krisna districts)
18. Skandavarman IV 460–480 CE (vassal of Kalapparas)
19. Nandivarman I 480–510 CE ,,
20. Kumaravishnu II 510–530 CE (vassal of Cholas)
21. Buddhavarman 530–540 CE      ,,
22. Kumaravishnu III 540–548 CE  ,,
23. Simmavarman III Ulagadhitha Ukkirathandan 550-560 CE (Simhavarman kills Chalukya king Ranarasika)
24. Simmavishnu Kaadavarkon Avanisimman Aiyatikal Nayanar / Simhavishnu 555–590 CE (556 -gets Kanchi, Uraiyur; 566 -naval expedition to and settlements in Srilanka, Malay, Thai, Laos and Kampuchea; his brother Bhimavarma Kaadavarkon sets up Kaudavasiya Khmer dynasty; 590 -gets Pudukottai and Vengi, north of Pennar)
25. Mahendravarman I Satrumallan 600–630 CE (c630 -raid by Ereya Immadi Pulakesin II , aided by Pandyas and Gangas, in the northern Pallava frontiers)
26. Narasimmavarman I Mamallan 630–668 CE (visit by Hieun Tsang; 642 -Chalukyas invade Pallavas, but routed and chased back to Vatapi, which is demolished; Narasimmavarman I kills Chalukya Pulakesin II, with the aid of his able general Paranjothi Siruthonda Nayanar; 642-655 CE -Pallavas annex Vatapi and central Chalukyan states, and rule over them for the next thirteen years)
27. Mahendravarman II 668–672 CE
28. Paramesvaravarman I Egamallan 670–695 CE (670 -Vikramaditya allies himself with the Pallava's other enemy the Pandyan Arikesari Parankusa Maravarman; Chalukyas crushed and driven away at Uraiyur and winß the battle with the Chalukya ally Ganga Bhuvikrama at Vilande; defeats Chalukyas again at Puluvanallur battle (674); with the aid of the Chola army and general the Kodumbaloor chief, he defeats Chalukya Vikramaditya I and raids his capital; the enraged Pallava emperor sweeps into Deccan once again and withdraws forces only after complete subjugation of the enemy; the Rayakota Pallava grant of this king calls him Parameswara-aswamedha-yajin or Parameswara varman who completed aswamedha yagnam; the military mission is so successful that for several years after this the Pallava forces remain dominant throughout Asia; Pallavas goes on to occupy many of the Chalukya territories but later leaves after the Chalukyas agree to pay yearly tributes; suzerainty over Srilanka and parts of South East Asia)
29. a governor of Irannmaia Chola 695-700 CE
30. Narasimmavarman II Rajasimman Kazharsinga Sivachudamani Rajamallan 700–728 CE (a great militarist; that the Pallavas were recognized as a major power during his period is testified by the fact that ambassadors are exchanged with China; this period is relatively free from major wars and Pallava domination of South East Asia continues; builds Kanchipuram Kailasanathar temple and Mahabalipuram shore temples)
31. Paramesvaravarman II 728–731 CE (730 -Kanchi captured by Chalukya Vikramaditya II briefly; 731 -killed when waging a return invasion on Ganga-Chalukya at Nittur near present Hampi)
32. KAMBOJA KAADAVA DYNASTY:  
33. Nandivarman II Uyyakondan Thirumalai Pallavamallan 731–796 CE (raids by Vikramaditya II in 731 & 745; 755 -Pallava annexes Chola and Chera;796 -raid by Rashtrakuta in the northern frontiers, Chola and Pandya independent again)
34. Thantivarman 796–825 CE (raids by Rashtrakutas, loses northern frontiers: The Pallava empire was now divided into three parts. One branch, known as the Gangas,* ruled over the western portion. Another branch, known as the Ganga Banas, ruled the centre. The kingdom of the main branch of the Pallavas was reduced to the districts on the eastern coast. Upon this disorganised dominion Rashtrakuta king Dhruva fell.)
35. Nandivarman III 825–869 CE (829 -defeats Pandya, regains South Pallava; marries princess Sankha the daughter of Amoghavarsha I of Rashtrakutas; 834-840 -annexes and holds on to North Madurai-Vaigai; 865 -loses Kumbakonam battle to Pandya)
36. Nirupatunga. 869-879 CE 
37. Verkammavarmban. 877-880 CE
38. Vayiramegavarmban. 880 CE  
39. Aparajitavarman ?880–897 CE (885 -defeats Pandya at Thirupurambiyam with the aid of Chola)